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SOCIAL GROUPS – STUDY MATERIAL I. Understanding Social Groups Human life is inherently group-oriented . From birth to death, individuals live, grow, and function within various groups. These groups help individuals fulfill needs, achieve common goals, and develop personality. Simple Definition A social group is a collection of two or more individuals who interact with one another in an orderly manner based on shared expectations . Key Requirement Reciprocal interaction Mutual awareness (Members must influence and respond to one another) II. Core Characteristics of a Social Group A social group possesses the following essential features: Given Number of Individuals A minimum of two persons is required. Reciprocal Relations Interaction among members forms the foundation of a group. Common Goals Members work together and may sacrifice personal interests for group goals. Sense of Unity (Solidarity) A feeling of togetherness that creates loyalty amo...

🧠 STORY: “Arun’s Exam Day” (English) Arun was a nursing student preparing for his final examination. 🔹 Repression Arun had failed an important exam once before, but he could not remember that painful failure clearly anymore. His mind had pushed that memory away. 🔹 Denial On the exam day, even though Arun was very anxious and unprepared, he kept saying, “I am perfectly fine. Nothing is wrong.” 🔹 Rationalization After writing the exam poorly, Arun told his friends, “The questions were unfair. That’s why I may fail.” 🔹 Projection Deep inside, Arun knew he had not studied well, but he blamed the teacher, saying, “She doesn’t teach properly.” 🔹 Displacement Angry about the exam, Arun could not shout at the teacher. Instead, he scolded his younger brother at home . 🔹 Reaction Formation Arun felt jealous of his friend who wrote the exam well, but he praised him excessively and said, “You are brilliant!” 🔹 Regression Feeling helpless, Arun started beh...

Teaching Note: Social Welfare Programmes in India (For B.Sc. Nursing Students) Purpose of the Teaching Note This teaching note is designed to help B.Sc. Nursing students understand the wide landscape of Social Welfare Programmes in India . These programmes are vital for nursing professionals because nurses often act as the link between marginalized populations and government support systems , ensuring holistic recovery and social well-being . 1. Introduction & Philosophy of Social Welfare India is constitutionally declared as a Welfare State , committed to the overall well-being of its citizens. Constitutional Basis Preamble of the Constitution Ensures Social, Economic, and Political Justice Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) Provide guidelines to the State for promoting social and economic welfare Definition Social Welfare Programmes are government interventions aimed at: Reducing poverty and inequality Protecting vulnerable groups such as: ...

Comparative Study: Foundations of Physics (Mechanics & Gravitation) These seven chapters form the core of Classical Mechanics . For clear understanding, they can be organized into three major themes : The Language of Physics Translational & Projectile Kinematics Dynamics & Energetics 1. The Language of Physics (Chapter 1: Physical World & Measurement) Before studying motion, force, or energy, Physics requires a common language of measurement . This chapter provides the foundation for all subsequent chapters (2–7). Key Components 1. Standardization Use of SI units ensures uniformity and global acceptance. Physical quantities are expressed using base and derived units . 2. Precision in Measurement Significant figures indicate the reliability of a measured value. More significant figures → higher precision. Prevents over-statement of accuracy in calculations. 3. Consistency Check: Dimensional Analysis Verifies the correctness of physical equations. Princi...

.unit 2, summary  🧩 SOCIAL STRUCTURE – 5 MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1. Basic Concepts: Society, Community, Association & Institution Society Society is a group of people living together with shared culture, norms, values, and social relationships. It is the broadest social organization. 📘 Society – Meaning, Nature, and Characteristics Society is not merely a gathering of individuals but a complex system of social relationships , shared norms, and mutual expectations that guide human behavior. I. Core Definitions of Society 1. Network View Society is a network of social relationships and interactions . It emphasizes interaction rather than mere physical presence. People are connected through roles, status, and social ties. 2. Structural View (MacIver & Page) Society is a system of customs, procedures, and laws . These regulate human behavior and maintain order. Social institutions play a major role in structure and stability. 3. Organic View (C.H. Cooley) ...

major social problems in 2019 Ernakulam District  , Kerala In 2019, Ernakulam District in Kerala grappled with several interconnected social problems, exacerbated by natural disasters, economic pressures, and underlying cultural issues. Floods from 2018 lingered into 2019, causing widespread displacement and infrastructure damage, while mental health strains and gender-based challenges emerged prominently. These issues reflected Kerala's broader "model" paradoxes of high literacy amid vulnerabilities. ## Flood Aftermath and Displacement The 2018 floods severely impacted Ernakulam, damaging over 19,000 houses fully or severely, 3,900 km of roads, and key public facilities like schools and health centers.[5] Recovery efforts strained resources, leading to homelessness, livelihood losses for fisherfolk and casual laborers, and heightened poverty in coastal areas. Social tensions arose from inadequate rehabilitation, fueling protests and mental health crises. ## Mental Health...

💖 UNIT: HEART (Anatomy) Cardiovascular System – BSc Nursing 1. Definition The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that acts as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. 2. Location Situated in the middle mediastinum of the thorax Between the two lungs Immediately above the diaphragm Lies behind the sternum and adjoining costal cartilages Mostly to the left of the midline 3. Size and Weight Size: Slightly larger than a clenched fist Average Weight: Male: ~300 g Female: ~250 g 4. Coverings and Wall Layers of the Heart The heart wall consists of three layers : Epicardium Outermost layer Protective covering Myocardium Middle and thickest layer Composed of cardiac muscle Responsible for pumping action Endocardium Innermost layer Lines the chambers and valves 5. Anatomical Position of the Heart Apex Directed downward, forward, and to the left Located in the 5th intercostal space Just medial to the mid-clavicular line Appro...

📝 Teaching Note UNIT 06 – Social Organization and Disorganization Topic: Meaning, Elements and Types of Social Organization I. Introduction Human beings live together in society and constantly interact with one another. These interactions are organized through roles, statuses, norms, and institutions , forming what is called social organization . A well-organized society maintains balance, harmony, and social order, while failure of this balance leads to social disorganization . II. Meaning of Social Organization Social Organization refers to the state of order and harmony in society , where institutions function according to their recognized or implied purposes. Definition: Social organization is a condition in which individual behavior is regulated in accordance with social values, norms, and expectations, ensuring social equilibrium. It is based on social relationships Society is a web of relationships Deviation from expected behavior causes disequilibrium Balan...