unit 6 poverty 2
📘 TEACHING NOTES (Pages 268–278)
Unit: Welfare of Under-Privileged Sections, Rights of Individuals, Women & Children
VI. Welfare of Under-Privileged Sections & Rights (Pages 268–271)
1. Under-Privileged Sections (Page 268)
📘 TEACHING NOTE: Under-Privileged Sections of Society (SC, ST & OBC)
I. Meaning of Under-Privileged Sections
Under-privileged sections include:
- Scheduled Castes (SC)
- Scheduled Tribes (ST)
- Other Backward Classes (OBC)
They are also called deprived classes because they faced long periods of social, economic, and educational discrimination.
Scheduled Caste (SC)
- Term first appeared in Government of India Act, 1935.
- As per Article 341, certain castes suffering from untouchability and social disabilities are declared as SC.
Scheduled Tribe (ST)
- Tribe with distinct culture, language, customs, territorial identity.
- Defined by Dr. D.N. Majumdar as a group united by common territory, dialect, traditions, and social distance from caste society.
Population
- SC: 15.74%
- ST: 7.85%
- SC Workers: 52% agricultural labourers, 28% small farmers/sharecroppers
II. Constitutional Safeguards for SC & ST
1. Social Safeguards
- Article 17 – Abolition of untouchability.
- Article 25 – Hindu religious institutions open to all.
- Article 23 – Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labour.
- Article 29 – No denial of admission in educational institutions funded by the State.
2. Educational & Economic Safeguards
- Article 46 – Promotion of educational and economic interests; protection from exploitation.
3. Special Provisions for Tribes
- Article 19 – Restrictions can be placed to protect tribal interests (movement, settlement, property).
- Fifth & Sixth Schedule – Administration of tribal areas for self-governance and autonomy.
III. Political Representation
- Article 330 & 332 – Reservation of seats in Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies for SC & ST (upto Jan 25, 2010).
IV. Reservation in Government Services
- Article 335 – Claims of SC & ST considered in government appointments.
- Article 16 – Reservation for backward classes in services (about 50% total reservation cap).
V. National Commission for SC & ST
- Established under Article 338 (1978).
- Renamed National Commission for SC/ST in 1987.
Functions
- Study the extent of untouchability and discrimination.
- Analyse causes of offences against SC/ST and suggest remedies.
- Recommend measures for socio-economic development.
VI. Centrally Sponsored Schemes
- Post-Matric Scholarships for SC/ST.
- Pre-Matric Scholarships for children of parents in unclean occupations.
- Book Banks for SC/ST Medical & Engineering students.
- Hostels for SC girls.
- Coaching and Allied Scheme.
- National Overseas Scholarships for higher studies abroad.
VII. Tribal Development – Strategy & Provisions
Constitutional Articles
Articles 19, 46, 164, 244, 275, 330, 332, 334, 338, 339, 342, and 5th & 6th Schedules provide welfare measures.
20-Point Programme (1986)
- Point 7(3): Water supply for SC/ST.
- Point 11: Justice for SC/ST.
- Point 14(3): Housing for SC/ST.
- Point 16(2): Protection of tribal rights over forest produce.
Tribal Development Policy
- Protection measures through legislation & administration.
- Development schemes for raising socio-economic status.
Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) – 5th Five-Year Plan
Objectives:
- Promote agriculture, animal husbandry, horticulture, small industries.
- Remove exploitation (land alienation, debts, forest issues).
- Develop education & human resources.
- Improve infrastructure.
- Funding from State Plans, Central Assistance & Institutional Finance.
TRIFED (1987-88)
Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Limited
- To improve marketing of tribal products.
- To provide better prices for tribal produce.
VIII. Other Backward Classes (OBC)
Backward Classes Commission (1953)
- Formed under Article 340, headed by Kaka Saheb Kalelkar.
- Listed 2700 communities as OBCs.
- Considered women as a backward class.
Mandal Commission (1979)
Recommendations:
- 27% reservation in public services for OBCs.
- Government to fund welfare programmes for OBCs similar to SC/ST.
- Promote small-scale industries.
- Provide vocational training and special educational schemes.
- Implement radical land reforms to protect small farmers.
IX. Summary
The Indian Constitution guarantees extensive safeguards for SC, ST & OBCs including:
- Protection from discrimination
- Educational & economic upliftment
- Reservation in politics & services
- Special development programmes
These measures aim to ensure equality, dignity, and social justice.
Groups Included
- Scheduled Castes (SC)
- Scheduled Tribes (ST)
- Other Backward Classes (OBC)
These groups face social & economic deprivation.
Scheduled Castes (SC)
- First defined in Government of India Act, 1935
- Constitute ~20% of India’s population
- Occupations:
- 50% agricultural labourers
- 42% small farmers/sharecroppers
2. Constitutional Safeguards for SCs (Page 268)
| Article | Provision |
|---|---|
| 17 | Abolition of untouchability |
| 46 | Promote educational & economic interests; protect from injustice |
| 25 | Hindu religious institutions open to all classes/sections |
| 19 | Freedom of movement/property (can be restricted for ST protection) |
| 23 | Prohibition of trafficking & forced labour |
| 29 | No denial of admission to state-funded educational institutions |
Political & Service Reservation
- Art. 330 & 332: Reserved seats for SC/ST in Lok Sabha & State Assemblies
- Art. 335: Consideration of SC/ST claims for public services
3. Commissions & Welfare Schemes (Page 269)
National Commission for SC/ST (Art. 338)
Functions:
- Monitor constitutional safeguards
- Investigate complaints
- Recommend measures
- Study socio-economic issues & offences
Centrally Sponsored Schemes
- Pre/Post-matric scholarships
- Book banks
- Girls’ hostels
- Coaching schemes
- National Overseas Scholarship
4. Scheduled Tribes (ST)
Definition
Communities with:
- Territorial affiliation
- Independent social/cultural identity
- Own language & customs
- No strong political organization
Constitutional Provisions
Articles 15, 16, 46, 164, 244, 275, 330, 332, 334, 338, 342, 342A,
5th & 6th Schedules for tribal areas.
Tribal Welfare Strategy
- Development of Tribal Areas
- Protection against exploitation
5. Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP), TRIFED & OBCs (Page 270)
Tribal Sub-Plan (Fifth Plan)
Objectives:
- Family-oriented beneficiary programmes
- End exploitation (land alienation, debt bondage, forest exploitation)
- Develop human resources (education & training)
- Improve infrastructure
Funding: State Plans + Special Central Assistance + Central Schemes
TRIFED (1987–88)
- Market tribal products
- Ensure fair value for tribal produce
Other Backward Classes (OBC)
- All backward classes excluding SC/ST
- Suffer discrimination & lower social status
6. Mandal Commission (OBCs) (Page 270)
Commission (1979) headed by B.P. Mandal
Key Recommendations:
- 27% reservation in public services
- Welfare programmes similar to SC/ST
- Promote small-scale industries
- Special education/vocational schemes
- Land reforms
Outcome: List of 2700 OBC communities identified.
7. Fundamental Rights (Pages 270–271)
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
⭐ INTRODUCTION
- A democracy must protect the basic freedoms and dignity of individuals.
- These protected freedoms are called Fundamental Rights.
- They are included in the Constitution of India (Part III, Articles 12–35).
- They form the Bill of Rights of Indian citizens.
- Fundamental Rights are strong because:
- They can be changed only through Constitutional Amendment.
- They can be enforced by the courts.
- No government authority (legislature, executive, judiciary) can violate them.
Historical Note:
- The Motilal Nehru Committee, 1928, demanded a Bill of Rights for Indians during the freedom struggle.
- So, when India became independent, the Constitution included a strong list of Fundamental Rights.
🟦 1. RIGHT TO EQUALITY (Articles 14–18)
✔ Article 14 – Equality before Law
- Equal protection of the laws for all.
✔ Article 15 – No discrimination
- On the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth.
- Equal access to public places (shops, hotels, wells, tanks, roads etc.).
✔ Article 16 – Equality of Opportunity
- Equal opportunity in public employment.
✔ Article 17 – Abolition of Untouchability
- Untouchability is prohibited and punishable.
✔ Article 18 – Abolition of Titles
- No titles (except military/academic) may be conferred.
🟩 2. RIGHT TO FREEDOM (Articles 19–22)
✔ Article 19 – Six Freedom Rights
- Freedom of speech and expression
- Freedom to assemble peacefully
- Freedom to form associations/unions
- Freedom to move freely throughout India
- Freedom to reside anywhere
- Freedom to practice any profession or trade
✔ Article 20 – Protection in Conviction
- No ex-post facto laws, double punishment, or self-incrimination.
✔ Article 21 – Right to Life and Personal Liberty
- Protection of life and liberty.
- Right to privacy, clean environment, livelihood (interpreted by courts).
✔ Article 21A – Right to Education
- Free and compulsory education for children 6–14 years.
✔ Article 22 – Protection Against Arrest
- Right to be informed of the grounds of arrest.
- Right to consult a lawyer.
- Protection against unlawful detention.
🟥 3. RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (Articles 23–24)
✔ Article 23 – Prohibition of Trafficking
- Prohibits human trafficking, forced labour, begar.
✔ Article 24 – Child Labour Prohibition
- No child below 14 years can be employed in hazardous jobs.
🟧 4. RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (Articles 25–28)
✔ Article 25 – Freedom of Conscience
- Freedom to profess, practice, and propagate religion.
✔ Article 26 – Religious Affairs
- Every religious group can manage its own affairs.
✔ Article 27 – No Religious Taxes
- No person can be forced to pay taxes for promoting a religion.
✔ Article 28 – Religious Instruction
- Freedom regarding religious education in institutions.
🟪 5. CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (Articles 29–30)
✔ Article 29 – Cultural Protection
- Protection of language, script, and culture of minorities.
✔ Article 30 – Minority Educational Institutions
- Minorities can establish and manage educational institutions.
🟫 6. RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES (Article 32)
✔ Article 32 – Dr. B. R. Ambedkar called it the “Heart and Soul of the Constitution”
- Citizens can approach the Supreme Court/High Courts for enforcement of rights.
Writs issued by courts:
- Habeas Corpus
- Mandamus
- Prohibition
- Certiorari
- Quo Warranto
🟦 RIGHTS OF WOMEN
(Guaranteed under FRs + other laws)
- Equality before law (Art. 14)
- No discrimination on basis of sex (Art. 15)
- Equality of opportunity in employment (Art. 16)
- Equal pay for equal work (Directive Principle)
- Protection against trafficking (Art. 23)
- Maternity benefits, protection from harassment (other legal acts)
🟦 RIGHTS OF CHILDREN
- Right to equality (Art. 14)
- Protection from exploitation (Art. 23, 24)
- Right to education (Art. 21A)
- Protection from abuse, trafficking, hazardous labour
- Other rights under Juvenile Justice Act, Child Protection Act, etc.
A. Rights of Individuals
- Protect citizens from state abuse
- Ensure equality & freedom
Right to Equality
- Equality before law
- No discrimination (religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth)
- Equal job opportunities
- Abolition of untouchability & titles
Right to Freedom
Includes:
- Speech & expression
- Peaceful assembly
- Associations/unions
- Freedom of movement, residence, profession
- Right to life & liberty
- Right to education
- Protection against wrongful arrest/detention
Right Against Exploitation
- Ban on trafficking
- Ban on child labour in hazardous jobs
Right to Freedom of Religion
- Free profession & propagation of religion
- Manage religious affairs
- No forced religious taxes
Cultural & Educational Rights
- Protect minority language/culture
- Right to establish educational institutions
Right to Constitutional Remedies
- Approach courts for protection of rights
VII. Rights of Women & Children (Pages 271–277)
Here is a clear, organized, exam-ready TEACHING NOTE on Rights of Women (based on the content you provided).
This is suitable for Applied Sociology – Unit 6 and helps you write short notes, long essays, or 15-mark answers.
RIGHTS OF WOMEN
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⭐ INTRODUCTION
- The condition of women and the girl child is a major social issue in India and worldwide.
- The UN World Conference on Women (Beijing, 1995) played a major role in strengthening global commitments to women’s rights.
- India has made several developments since then, including policies, laws, and institutional mechanisms to support women.
🟦 CONSTITUTIONAL SAFEGUARDS FOR WOMEN
The Indian Constitution ensures gender equality through:
✔ Preamble
- Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity for all citizens.
✔ Fundamental Rights
- Equality before law (Article 14)
- No discrimination based on sex (Article 15)
- Equal opportunity in employment (Article 16)
- Freedom of speech, expression, movement, profession (Article 19)
- Right to life & dignity (Article 21)
✔ Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
- Equal pay for equal work
- Protection of maternal health
- Ensuring welfare of women and children
✔ Positive Discrimination
- The State can make special provisions for women to protect their interests.
🟩 NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN (2001)
This policy was created to ensure women’s advancement, development, and empowerment.
✔ Important features:
- Recognizes women as equal partners in development.
- Builds on India’s commitments to the Beijing Platform for Action, CEDAW (1993), and five-year plans.
- Supports gender equality in laws, policies, and government programmes.
🟧 OBJECTIVES OF THE POLICY
- Create an enabling environment for women’s full development.
- Ensure equal enjoyment of human rights in all spheres.
- Provide equal access to participation and decision-making.
- Ensure women's access to:
- Health care
- Quality education
- Employment
- Equal pay
- Social security
- Strengthen legal systems to eliminate discrimination.
- Change social attitudes through awareness and participation of men & women.
- Mainstream gender perspectives in development process.
- Eliminate all forms of violence against women and girl child.
- Promote partnerships with civil society & women’s organizations.
🟥 POLICY PRESCRIPTIONS (Major Action Areas)
1️⃣ Judicial & Legal Systems
- Make courts and legal processes more gender-sensitive.
- Enact new laws and review existing ones.
- Ensure fast justice in cases of:
- Domestic violence
- Assault
- Harassment
- Reform personal laws (marriage, divorce, maintenance, guardianship).
- Promote gender-just property and inheritance rights.
2️⃣ Decision Making
- Promote women’s participation at all levels.
- Provide equal representation in:
- Legislative bodies
- Executive & judiciary
- Local governments
- Committees, boards, commissions
- Use reservations/quotas when needed (e.g., 73rd & 74th Amendments give 33% reservation in Panchayats & Municipalities).
- Create women-friendly work policies.
3️⃣ Economic Empowerment
a) Poverty Eradication
- Women form a major part of the poor population.
- Provide:
- Self-help groups (SHGs)
- Skill development
- Social support services
- Access to welfare programmes
b) Micro-Credit
- Expand micro-finance and self-employment opportunities.
- Improve access to credit for women below the poverty line.
c) Women and Economy
- Recognize women’s contribution in formal & informal sectors.
- Improve working conditions and labor rights.
- Include women in macro-economic policy planning.
d) Globalization
- Globalization has created:
- Unequal benefits
- Feminization of poverty
- Unsafe working conditions
- Policies are needed to protect women from negative economic impacts.
e) Women in Agriculture
- Increase access to:
- Training
- Extension services
- Dairy, horticulture, forestry, fisheries programmes
- Support women workers who form a major portion of agricultural labour.
f) Women in Industry
- Women contribute heavily to:
- IT
- Electronics
- Textiles
- Food processing
- Ensure:
- Social security
- Beneficial labor laws
- Safe conditions for night-shift work (with security & transport)
g) Support Services
- Expand services like:
- Crèches (child-care)
- Homes for aged and disabled
- Safe working conditions
- Create workplaces that support women’s career growth.
🟪 CONCLUSION
- Women’s empowerment is essential for national development.
- The Constitution, Five-Year Plans, policies, and international commitments have created a strong foundation for women’s rights.
- Continued reforms in law, economy, education, and social attitudes are needed to ensure true gender equality.
1. Rights of Women (Page 271)
National Policy for Empowerment of Women (2001)
Aims:
- Economic & social development
- Equal rights & opportunities
- Equal access to education, health, employment
- Gender-sensitive legal systems
- End discrimination & violence
2. Policy Objectives (Page 272)
- Full development of women
- Equal participation in decision-making
- Gender mainstreaming
- Removal of violence & discrimination
- Partnership with civil society
Policy Prescriptions
- Gender-sensitive legal reforms
- Women’s participation in all decision-making bodies
3. Economic Empowerment (Page 273)
- Micro-credit for women
- Poverty eradication programs focused on women
Globalization (Page 273)
- New challenges: inequality, job insecurity
- Retraining schemes for women
4. Women Welfare in Sectors (Page 274)
Employment
- Address workplace inequality
- Improve working environment
Agriculture
- Training in soil conservation, horticulture, livestock
Industry
- Women’s role in IT, electronics, food processing
Support Services
- Childcare, crèches, working women hostels
5. Social Empowerment of Women (Pages 274–275)
SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
(With Clear Headings & Easy Exam Format)
⭐ INTRODUCTION
Social empowerment of women refers to improving women’s access to education, health, nutrition, shelter, safety, equal opportunities, and freedom from discrimination.
It focuses on enabling women to live with dignity, equality, security, and autonomy.
The National Policy for Empowerment of Women (2001) highlights several areas essential for social empowerment.
🟦 AREAS OF SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT
1️⃣ Education
- Ensures equal access for women and girls at all levels of education.
- Special measures to:
- Remove discrimination
- Universalize education
- Reduce female illiteracy
- Make education gender-sensitive
- Improve enrolment & retention of girls
- Focus on women from SC, ST, OBC and minority communities.
- Encourages development of vocational, technical and life-skills.
2️⃣ Health
- Holistic health approach covering nutrition, general health, reproductive health.
- Special care for women across all stages of life (childhood → adolescence → maternity → old age).
- Focus on reducing:
- Maternal mortality (MMR)
- Infant mortality (IMR)
- Ensures access to affordable, quality healthcare.
- Emphasizes:
- Reproductive rights
- Family planning choices
- Protection from infectious diseases (Malaria, TB, water-borne diseases)
- Registration of births, deaths, and marriages.
- Addresses early marriage and spacing between children.
3️⃣ Nutrition
- Women are vulnerable to malnutrition at three critical stages:
- Childhood
- Adolescence
- Reproductive phase
- Policies aim to:
- Improve macro & micro-nutrient intake
- Focus on pregnant and lactating mothers
- Prevent nutritional deficiencies and related health risks
4️⃣ Drinking Water & Sanitation
- Special importance to women’s needs in:
- Safe drinking water
- Sewage disposal
- Toilet facilities
- Sanitation
- Special focus on rural areas and urban slums.
- Ensures women's participation in planning, delivery, and maintenance of services.
5️⃣ Housing & Shelter
- Women’s perspectives included in:
- Housing policies
- Planning of housing colonies
- Provision of rural & urban shelters
- Special provisions for:
- Single women
- Working women
- Women-headed households
- Students, apprentices and trainees
- Ensures safe & adequate accommodation.
6️⃣ Violence Against Women
- Aims to eliminate all forms of physical & mental violence.
- Includes violence caused by:
- Customs
- Traditions
- Social practices
- Strengthens:
- Support institutions
- Helplines
- Rehabilitation services
- Mechanisms to prevent sexual harassment at workplace
- Addresses issues of:
- Dowry
- Domestic violence
- Trafficking
- Sexual assault
- Ensures strict action against perpetrators.
7️⃣ Rights of the Girl Child
- Eliminates all discrimination and rights violations against girl children.
- Strict enforcement against:
- Female foeticide
- Sex-selective abortions
- Female infanticide
- Child marriage
- Child abuse
- Child prostitution
- Ensures:
- Positive treatment within family & society
- Investments in nutrition, health, and education
- Vocational training for girl children
- Special focus on girl child in child labour abolition programmes.
8️⃣ Mass Media
- Media to portray women with dignity and respect.
- Remove:
- Negative stereotypes
- Degrading images
- Violence-glorifying content
- Encourage:
- Ethical guidelines
- Self-regulation
- Balanced portrayal of both genders
- Promote women’s equal access to ICT (Information & Communication Technology).
- Involve private sector & media networks in awareness campaigns.
⭐ CONCLUSION
Social empowerment of women is essential for building an inclusive, equitable and progressive society.
Education, health, safety, nutrition, and positive media representation form the foundation of women’s empowerment.
Only through comprehensive policies and societal support can women achieve true equality and dignity.
!
Education
- Universal access
- Remove gender discrimination
Health
- Holistic approach
- Reproductive rights
- Safe maternity care
Sanitation & Water
- Access to safe water & sanitation
Housing
- Women’s needs included in policies
Violence Against Women
- Covers physical, mental, sexual, domestic violence
- Legal & support mechanisms for victims
VIII. Child Welfare (Pages 276–277)
clear, exam-ready Teaching Note on Rights of Children, including Constitutional Articles and UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child.
TEACHING NOTE
Rights of Children
Children represent the most vulnerable section of society and require special protection. The Indian Constitution, along with international conventions like the UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959), ensures that children receive opportunities for safe, healthy, and dignified development.
I. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF CHILDREN (India)
1. Article 24 – Prohibition of Child Labour
- No child below 14 years shall be employed in hazardous occupations or factories.
2. Article 39 (e & f) – Directive Principles
- Children should not be abused or forced into jobs harmful to their age and strength.
- They must be given opportunities to develop in a healthy manner, free from exploitation and neglect.
3. Article 45 – Right to Free and Compulsory Education
- Free and compulsory education for all children up to 14 years.
4. Article 21A – Right to Education
- Provides free and compulsory education for all children between 6–14 years under the RTE Act, 2009.
II. UN DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD (1959)
The UN declaration lists 10 basic principles ensuring children’s physical, mental, emotional, and social well-being.
1. Right to Affection and Security
- Children must grow in an environment full of love, care, and emotional security.
- Parents and caregivers are responsible for ensuring a safe, nurturing environment.
- This supports healthy personality development (Maslow’s hierarchy).
2. Right to Social Security (Nutrition, Housing & Medical Care)
- Children must receive:
- Nutritious food
- Proper shelter
- Health care
- Parents/caregivers must provide guidance since children cannot judge right or wrong.
- Children must not be left alone in unsafe situations.
3. Right to Free Education
- Every child has the right to free and compulsory education up to 14 years.
- No child should be:
- Harassed in school
- Forced into labor instead of schooling
- Physically or mentally punished
- Education is essential for developing a productive life.
4. Right to Play and Recreation
- Play is vital for physical, mental, and social development.
- Schools and families must provide:
- Playgrounds
- Games
- Extra-curricular activities
- All children should be encouraged to participate according to their interests and age.
5. Right to a Name and Nationality
- Every child must be given:
- A name for identification
- A legal nationality through birth registration
- Parents must register the child's birth promptly.
- Some countries allow dual nationality.
6. Right to Special Care (for Handicapped Children)
- Children with physical or mental disabilities have the right to:
- Special education
- Therapeutic support
- Extra attention and encouragement
- They must not be neglected or discriminated against.
7. Right to Protection and Relief During Disasters
- During disasters, children must be the first to receive rescue, relief, shelter, food, and medical care.
- Ensures their survival as future citizens.
8. Right to Become a Useful Member of Society
- Children learn first at home, then at school.
- They have the right to:
- Learn social values
- Imitate good role models
- Grow into responsible, productive citizens
- Parents and teachers must provide moral guidance.
9. Right to Grow in a Spirit of Peace, Tolerance, and Brotherhood
- Children should be raised in an environment that promotes:
- Understanding
- Tolerance
- Friendship among people
- Universal brotherhood
- Ensures harmonious physical, mental, social, and spiritual development.
10. Right to Non-Discrimination
- Children must never be discriminated against based on:
- Race
- Color
- Sex
- Religion
- Nationality
- Social origin
- Equal opportunities prevent the development of inferiority complex and promote self-confidence.
III. SUMMARY FOR QUICK REVISION
✔ Constitutional Rights → Articles 24, 39(e)(f), 45, 21A
✔ UN Declaration → 10 Rights:
Affection, Social Security, Education, Play, Name/Nationality, Special Care, Disaster Relief First, Social Learning, Peaceful Upbringing, Non-Discrimination.
Constitutional Rights
- Article 24: No child labour (<14 years)
- Article 45: Free & compulsory education
UN Declaration of Rights of Child (1959)
Children have rights to:
- Full development
- Security, nutrition, housing, health
- Name & nationality
- Play & recreation
- Special care if disabled
- Protection during disasters
- Understanding, tolerance, friendship
- Become useful members of society
- Non-discrimination
Mass Media
- Promote positive images of girls & women
- Remove negative stereotypes
IX. Exercise / Review (Page 278)
Fill in the Blanks
- Maladjustment in culture → Social disorganization
- Income of a company person → Per capita income
- Inability to read/write → Illiteracy
- Prevention of food adulteration act → 1954
- Sale of sexual services → Prostitution
Choose the Best Answer
- Ritualized prostitution → Devadasi system
- Country with most professionally qualified women → India
- 60+ population in India → 60 million
- Disabled population globally → 10%
Here is a clean, well-arranged, exam-ready version of everything you wrote.
I’ve organized it into 5 sections in clear textbook style: MCQ, True/False, Match the Following, Short Notes, and Essay.
✅ APPLIED SOCIOLOGY / SOCIAL PATHOLOGY – ARRANGED ANSWERS
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
1. Article 23 of the Indian Constitution prohibits —
Answer: a) All kinds of bonded labour
✔ Article 23 deals with:
• Prohibition of trafficking
• Prohibition of forced labour
• Prohibition of bonded labour
II. TRUE OR FALSE (WITH CORRECTIONS)
| No. | Statement | T/F | Correct Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pedophilia is a form of child abuse. | True | It is sexual exploitation of a minor. |
| 2 | Villages are the centres of crime. | False | Urban areas show higher crime due to social disorganization. |
| 3 | Alcoholism has become a fashion in the modern era. | False | Alcoholism is a disease/social problem, not a fashion. |
| 4 | Tax evasion is a form of crime. | True | It is an illegal act to avoid paying taxes. |
| 5 | Crime committed by an adult is known as Juvenile Delinquency. | False | Juvenile Delinquency refers to crimes by minors (children). |
III. MATCH THE FOLLOWING
(Arranged according to the answer key: 1-e, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d, 5-a)
| Question | Match | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| 1. White collar crime | e) Edwin Sutherland | He coined the term. |
| 2. Borstal institutions | c) Juvenile Delinquency | Borstal homes are for juvenile offenders. |
| 3. Amphetamine | b) 1987 | (Forced match per book key; related to drug policies/laws.) |
| 4. AIDS control programme | d) Substance abuse | (Forced match per key; drug abuse increases HIV risk.) |
| 5. Mahila Mandals | a) 1961 | Women’s welfare groups started expanding in this period. |
IV. SHORT NOTES (Simple & Exam-Suitable)
1. Reasons for Social Disorganization
Social disorganization means the breakdown of social structure, norms, and community control.
Main causes:
- Rapid social change: Industrialization, modernization, urbanization.
- Conflict of values: Clash between generations, cultures, traditions.
- Economic problems: Poverty, unemployment, inequality.
- Weak social institutions: Family collapse, poor education system, weak law enforcement.
- High mobility/migration: People frequently moving → weak community bonds.
- War, disasters: Damage to community networks and institutions.
2. White Collar Crime
Non-violent crimes committed by high-status individuals during their occupation.
Characteristics:
- Committed by educated or respectable individuals
- Involves deception, fraud
- Motivated by financial gain
Examples:
Tax evasion, corruption, embezzlement, bank fraud, insider trading.
Impact:
Huge economic loss, public mistrust, weakens institutions.
3. Juvenile Delinquency
Anti-social or criminal behaviour committed by children below the age of legal adulthood.
Causes:
- Family: Broken home, lack of care, abuse.
- Social: Bad peer group, violence exposure.
- Economic: Poverty, lack of opportunities.
- Psychological: Low self-esteem, behavioural issues.
Interventions:
Juvenile courts, Borstal institutions, probation, counselling, rehabilitation.
4. Substance Abuse
Misuse of psychoactive drugs leading to physical, mental, and social problems.
Effects:
- Physical: Organ damage, addiction, infections (HIV).
- Mental: Anxiety, depression, psychosis.
- Social: Family conflict, crime, unemployment.
Common Substances:
Alcohol, cannabis, opioids, amphetamines, prescription drugs.
5. HIV / AIDS
HIV weakens the immune system; AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection.
Transmission:
- Unprotected sex
- Contaminated needles
- Mother-to-child
- Unsafe blood transfusion
Social Impact:
Stigma, discrimination, loss of income, need for awareness and prevention programs.
V. ESSAY (Arranged, Simple & Scoring)
Social Welfare Programmes and the Role of Nurse in Social Pathology
1. Introduction
- Social Pathology studies social problems (crime, poverty, delinquency, alcoholism, etc.).
- Social Welfare Programmes aim to improve living standards through health, education, and security.
- Nurses play a vital role in prevention, rehabilitation, and community support.
2. Various Social Welfare Programmes
a) Health Programmes
- National Health Mission (NHM)
- AIDS Control Programme
- Maternal & Child Health (MCH) services
- Immunization programmes
b) Poverty/Economic Security
- Public Distribution System (PDS)
- Employment schemes
- Social security pensions
c) Women & Children
- Mahila Mandals
- Child labour abolishment schemes
- Protection from child abuse
- Women empowerment and protection laws
d) Education & Housing
- Adult education
- Literacy programmes
- Housing schemes to reduce homelessness
e) Disabled & Elderly
- Disability rehabilitation
- Old-age welfare programmes
3. Role of the Nurse in Social Pathology
a) Prevention & Health Education
- Educates community about HIV, substance abuse, hygiene
- Creates awareness on child rights and women’s rights
b) Early Detection & Intervention
- Identifies high-risk individuals and families
- Screens for abuse, addiction, malnutrition, mental illness
c) Rehabilitation
- Supports victims of crime, trafficking, prostitution
- Helps in counselling juveniles and families
- Coordinates rehab services for addicts and HIV patients
d) Community Work
- Works with Mahila Mandals, youth groups, NGOs
- Mobilizes community resources
- Helps in social welfare programme implementation
4. Conclusion
Nurses connect the community with health and welfare systems.
They help in preventing social problems, providing support to victims, and promoting a healthier society.
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