ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Examine the impact of Social organization on Collective social behavior.

2.what is a social role ? Explain with examples .

3. Compare and contrast between formal and Informal Social organization

4. Substantiate on the characteristics of Formal Organization

5. Define voluntary associations. Explain its functions

6. How does Durkheim classify Social systems?

7. Compare and contrast between ascribed and achieved status.

8. Highlight the main aims of social control in society

9. Comment on the important agencies that maintains social control in society.

10. Examine the role of family as an agency of social control

11. How does Educational institutions contribute in ensuring social control?

12. What are the types of social disorganization?

13. Analyze the main effects of poverty as a social problem on Indian society.

14. Write on the remedial measures for poverty reduction.

15. Examine the major causes of prostitution in India

16. Elucidate on the relation between dowry system and status of women in India.

17. Examine the present scenario with respect of child labour in our country.

18. Critically examine the major causes and effects of child labour

19. What is the difference between crime and juvenile delinquency?

20. Write on the major problems faced by the elderly in India?

21. Examine the constitutional and legal mechanism devised by the government of India for the protection of women.

22. Analyse the socio-economic impact of Covid 19

23. Write a short note on the efficacy of Kudubashree in the level of living of women folk in Kerala.

24. Highlight various child welfare programs of India.

25. Examine the issues faced by the minorities in India.

.........

LIST OUT THE FOLLOWING:

1. Elements of social oraganisation

2. Types of social organization

3. Characteristics of formal organization

4. Characteristics of informal organisation

5. Elements of social system

6. Formal means of social control

7 Informal means of social control

8. Agencies of social control

9. Poverty eradication Program

10. Types of poverty

11. Causes of housing problem

12. Causes of child labour

13. Types of child abuse

14. Employment generation programs

15. Ways of transmission of HIV

16. Major vulnerable groups

17. Types of prostitutes

18. Causes of social disorganization, abusable drugs.

VERY SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Define Social organization

2. Explain social status.

3. Differentiate between status and role

4. Write on the nature of social organization

5. Discuss the characteristics of Informal Organization

6. Examine the main characteristics of a voluntary association

7. Discuss L H Morgan's classification of Social system

8. How does Durkheim classify Social systems?

9. What are the main elements of a social system?

10. Differentiate between formal and informal social control.

11. Write on the major type of social control

12. Define norms.

13. Explain values

14. What is social disorganization?

15. Differentiate between social organization and disorganization

16. Analyze the main causes of social disorganization.

17. Examine ways to address and control social disorganization

18. How does cultural lag pose as a barrier to social organization?

19. Differentiate between absolute and relative poverty.

20. Substantiate on the major causes of poverty in India

21. Discuss the effects poverty on health

22. What is child labour?

23. Write on the remedial measures for poverty reduction.

24. How does housing pose as a social problem in India?

25. Highlight the major causes of Illiteracy in India

26. Comment on the main reasons for Child labour in India.

27. Define juvenile delinquency

28. What is substance abuse?

29. Discuss how Covid impacted the vulnerable community in our society.

30. There is an increasing trend of substance abuse in educational institutions. Do you agree? Evaluate the causes and impact of drugs among the youths.

1. Examine the impact of Social Organization on Collective Social Behavior

Social organization refers to the orderly arrangement of social relationships and institutions that guide human behavior. It includes family, religion, education, economy, and political institutions. Collective social behavior refers to actions performed by groups of people such as crowds, mobs, movements, and public opinion.

Social organization provides norms, values, and rules that regulate collective behavior. It promotes cooperation, coordination, and social stability. When social organization is strong, collective behavior remains orderly and constructive, such as peaceful protests, community development programs, and social movements for reform.

However, weak or disrupted social organization can lead to irrational collective behavior like riots, violence, and mob actions. During disasters or pandemics, organized institutions help manage collective responses effectively. Thus, social organization plays a vital role in shaping, guiding, and controlling collective social behavior.

2 what is social role ? Explain with examples

Social Role – Meaning and Examples

Social role refers to the expected pattern of behaviour, duties, and responsibilities associated with a particular social status occupied by an individual in society.

In simple words, when a person occupies a status, the way he or she is expected to behave is called a social role.

Definition

A social role is the behavioural aspect of social status, which includes rights, obligations, and expectations attached to a position in society.

Explanation with Examples

Role of a Nurse

Status: Nurse

Role: Providing patient care, administering medicines, maintaining records, educating patients, and showing compassion.

Role of a Teacher

Status: Teacher

Role: Teaching students, guiding them, maintaining discipline, and evaluating performance.

Role of a Mother

Status: Mother

Role: Caring for children, nurturing, teaching values, and providing emotional support.

Role of a Student

Status: Student

Role: Attending classes, studying, obeying rules, and respecting teachers.

Role of a Doctor

Status: Doctor

Role: Diagnosing illness, prescribing treatment, and guiding patients.

Conclusion

Social roles help maintain order and stability in society by clearly defining how individuals are expected to behave in different positions. An individual performs many roles in daily life, and successful role performance ensures smooth social interaction

3. Compare and Contrast between Formal and Informal Social Organization

Formal Organization	Informal Organization
Deliberately created	Naturally formed
Fixed rules and regulations	No written rules
Defined roles and hierarchy	Flexible roles
Authority-based	Relationship-based
Examples: Hospital, School	Family, Friends group

Formal organizations are structured and goal-oriented, while informal organizations are spontaneous and based on personal relationships. Both are essential for social functioning.

4. Characteristics of Formal Organization

Formal organization is a deliberately designed social structure created to achieve specific goals.

Characteristics:

Well-defined rules and regulations
Clear division of labor
Hierarchical authority structure
Impersonal relationships
Written communication
Fixed objectives

Examples include hospitals, schools, banks, and government institutions.

5. Define Voluntary Associations. Explain Its Functions

Definition:
Voluntary associations are organizations formed by individuals voluntarily to achieve common interests or goals.

Functions:

Promote social welfare
Encourage leadership and cooperation
Provide services like education and healthcare
Promote democracy and participation
Support marginalized groups

Examples: NGOs, self-help groups, charitable organizations.

6. How Does Durkheim Classify Social Systems?

Émile Durkheim classified social systems based on the type of solidarity:

Mechanical Solidarity
- Found in simple societies
- Similar beliefs and occupations
- Strong collective conscience
Organic Solidarity
- Found in modern societies
- Division of labor
- Interdependence among individuals

7. Compare and Contrast between Ascribed and Achieved Status

Ascribed Status	Achieved Status
Given by birth	Earned by effort
No individual choice	Based on ability
Examples: caste, gender	Profession, education

8. Main Aims of Social Control in Society

Maintain social order
Regulate individual behavior
Ensure conformity to norms
Prevent deviance and crime
Promote social harmony

9. Agencies that Maintain Social Control

Family
Religion
Education
Law and government
Media
Peer groups

These agencies guide behavior through norms, values, rewards, and punishments.

10. Role of Family as an Agency of Social Control

Family is the primary agency of social control. It teaches values, norms, discipline, and acceptable behavior. Parents regulate behavior through love, guidance, reward, and punishment. Family shapes personality and moral development.

11. Role of Educational Institutions in Social Control

Educational institutions teach discipline, moral values, social norms, and civic responsibility. Schools prepare individuals to become responsible citizens and promote social order through rules and curriculum.

12. Types of Social Disorganization

Economic disorganization
Family disorganization
Cultural disorganization
Community disorganization
Moral disorganization

13. Effects of Poverty on Indian Society

Malnutrition and ill-health
Illiteracy
Unemployment
Crime and exploitation
Child labour
Poor living conditions

14. Remedial Measures for Poverty Reduction

Employment generation
Education and skill development
Population control
Rural development programs
Social security schemes
Women empowerment

15. Causes of Prostitution in India

Poverty
Unemployment
Trafficking
Family breakdown
Illiteracy
Social exploitation

16. Dowry System and Status of Women in India

The dowry system leads to financial burden, domestic violence, female infanticide, and low status of women. It promotes gender inequality and violates women’s rights.

17. Present Scenario of Child Labour in India

Despite laws, child labour persists due to poverty, illiteracy, and unemployment. Children work in agriculture, industries, hotels, and domestic work, affecting their education and health.

18. Causes and Effects of Child Labour

Causes:

Poverty
Illiteracy
Large families

Effects:

Poor health
Lack of education
Exploitation
Psychological trauma

19. Difference between Crime and Juvenile Delinquency

Crime	Juvenile Delinquency
Committed by adults	Committed by minors
Punished by law	Reformed through juvenile justice

20. Problems of the Elderly in India

Economic insecurity
Health problems
Loneliness
Neglect
Abuse

21. Constitutional and Legal Protection of Women in India

Fundamental Rights
Dowry Prohibition Act
Domestic Violence Act
Maternity Benefit Act
Sexual Harassment Act

22. Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19

Unemployment
Poverty
Mental health issues
Educational disruption
Economic slowdown

23. Kudumbashree and Women’s Living Standards

Kudumbashree improves income, self-reliance, leadership, and social status of women in Kerala through self-help groups and micro-enterprises.

24. Child Welfare Programs in India

ICDS
Mid-Day Meal Scheme
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
Child Protection Services
National Child Labour Project

25. Issues Faced by Minorities in India

Discrimination
Poverty
Educational backwardness
Unemployment
Social exclusion

LIST OUT THE FOLLOWING

1. Elements of Social Organization

Social status
Social roles
Norms
Values
Social institutions
Social relationships

2. Types of Social Organization

Formal organization
Informal organization
Primary organization
Secondary organization

3. Characteristics of Formal Organization

Clearly defined rules
Fixed hierarchy
Division of labour
Impersonal relations
Written communication

4. Characteristics of Informal Organization

No written rules
Flexible structure
Personal relationships
Spontaneous formation
Emotional bonding

5. Elements of Social System

Status and roles
Norms and values
Social interaction
Social institutions
Goals and sanctions

6. Formal Means of Social Control

Law
Police
Courts
Constitution
Government rules

7. Informal Means of Social Control

Customs
Traditions
Folkways
Morals
Public opinion

8. Agencies of Social Control

Family
Education
Religion
State
Media
Peer group

9. Poverty Eradication Programs

MGNREGA
National Rural Livelihood Mission
Public Distribution System
Integrated Rural Development Programme
PMAY

10. Types of Poverty

Absolute poverty
Relative poverty
Chronic poverty
Situational poverty

11. Causes of Housing Problem

Rapid urbanization
Poverty
Population growth
Unemployment

12. Causes of Child Labour

Poverty
Illiteracy
Unemployment
Family pressure

13. Types of Child Abuse

Physical abuse
Emotional abuse
Sexual abuse
Neglect

14. Employment Generation Programs

MGNREGA
Skill India
PMEGP
Startup India

15. Ways of Transmission of HIV

Unprotected sexual contact
Infected blood transfusion
Sharing needles
Mother to child

16. Major Vulnerable Groups

Women
Children
Elderly
Disabled
Migrant workers

17. Types of Prostitutes

Street prostitutes
Brothel-based prostitutes
Call girls
Home-based prostitutes

18. Causes of Social Disorganization & Abusable Drugs

Causes of Social Disorganization

Poverty
Urbanization
Industrialization

Abusable Drugs

Alcohol
Tobacco
Narcotics

VERY SHORT QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. Define Social Organization

Social organization refers to the structured pattern of social relationships, roles, and institutions that guide human behavior in society.

2. Explain Social Status

Social status is the position an individual occupies in society, which determines rights and responsibilities.

3. Differentiate between Status and Role

Status: Position in society
Role: Expected behavior of that position

4. Nature of Social Organization

Dynamic
Structured
Goal-oriented
Interdependent

5. Characteristics of Informal Organization

No fixed rules
Emotional relationships
Flexibility
Voluntary participation

6. Characteristics of Voluntary Association

Voluntary membership
Common interest
Democratic control
Non-profit motive

7. L. H. Morgan’s Classification of Social System

Savagery
Barbarism
Civilization

8. Durkheim’s Classification of Social System

Mechanical solidarity
Organic solidarity

9. Elements of a Social System

Status and roles
Norms and values
Social interaction

10. Formal vs Informal Social Control

Formal: Law, police, courts
Informal: Customs, traditions, morals

11. Major Types of Social Control

Formal social control
Informal social control

12. Define Norms

Norms are socially accepted rules that guide human behavior.

13. Explain Values

Values are beliefs about what is right, wrong, good, or bad in society.

14. Social Disorganization

Social disorganization refers to the breakdown of social norms and institutions.

15. Social Organization vs Disorganization

Organization: Order and stability
Disorganization: Disorder and instability

16. Causes of Social Disorganization

Poverty
Industrialization
Cultural lag

17. Control of Social Disorganization

Education
Social reforms
Strong institutions

18. Cultural Lag as a Barrier

Cultural lag occurs when material culture changes faster than non-material culture, causing social imbalance.

19. Absolute vs Relative Poverty

Absolute: Basic needs unmet
Relative: Compared to others

20. Causes of Poverty in India

Population growth
Unemployment
Illiteracy

21. Effects of Poverty on Health

Malnutrition
Poor sanitation
High disease rate

22. Child Labour

Child labour refers to employment of children below legal age in harmful work.

23. Remedial Measures for Poverty

Employment programs
Education
Skill development

24. Housing as a Social Problem

Housing problems cause overcrowding, poor sanitation, and health issues.

25. Causes of Illiteracy in India

Poverty
Child labour
Gender inequality

26. Reasons for Child Labour in India

Poverty
Family debt
Lack of education

27. Juvenile Delinquency

Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal behavior by children below 18 years.

28. Substance Abuse

Substance abuse is the harmful use of drugs, alcohol, or chemicals.

29. Covid Impact on Vulnerable Communities

Job loss
Poverty
Mental stress
Health inequality

30. Substance Abuse among Youth – Causes & Impact